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Microsoft word - lithium ion battery for telecom applications.doc
LITHIUM - ION BATTERY
TELECOM APPLICATIONS
Arun Golas DDG (T&A), Ram Krishna DDG (FLA),
R. K. Siddhartha Director (FLA) and Naveen Kumar AD (FLA)
Abstract
We present various aspects for use of Lithium-Ion Battery in various Telecom
Applications in present as well as future scenario. The uses of Lithium-ion (Li-ion)
Batteries have been increasing in our daily life day by day. Lithium-ion batteries are
energetic, rapid rechargeable and having longer life. Lithium ion battery is also a
better choice for various Telecom Applications as well as other applications. The
demand of these batteries has been increasing rapidly. This paper also represents
future requirement, applications, advantages, structure, challenges and other
development for lithium ion battery.
1.0 Introduction
Lithium is a good conductor of electricity and can combine with many other metals to
form alloys. Lithium ion batteries provide more and more energy in a smaller container.
Lithium-ion batteries have many applications like , FTTX installations,
remote terminals (such as in FTTX installations), access networks, BTS (Base
Transceiver Stations) for wireless networks, cable networks, central offices, fuel cell
powered system ,
cameras, automobiles etc. One can say lithium-ion battery would be next generation
battery and future power house for telecommunication applications.
The lithium ion battery may be the alternate of VRLA battery because of higher energy
densities, reliability, safety, low maintenance costs and the ability to operate in a wide
range of environmental conditions for long periods.
VRLA batteries often suffer from premature and/or sudden capacity losses and thermal
run away. The capacity loss of VRLA is also deceptive when the total lifecycle cost of
power plant including maintenance cost, replacement and disposal costs are taken into
2. Features
The performance characteristics of lithium-based batteries have higher discharge rate
capabilities, a relatively flat discharge curve and no venting of dangerous gases.
Though lithium-ion battery packs come in all shapes and sizes, but they all have about the
same construction. A lithium-ion battery pack has an on-board processor to manage its
performance. However, it makes them even more expensive than they already are. It's a
pretty sophisticated little computer, and draws power from the battery itself. If the battery
pack gets too hot during charging or use, the computer will shut down the flow of power
to try to cool it down. A laptop's battery meter can show how much charge is left in the
battery to the users. The onboard computer comprises: -
One or more temperature sensors to monitor the battery temperature.
A voltage converter and regulator circuit to maintain safe levels of voltage and
A shielded notebook connector that lets power and information flow in and out of
the battery pack
A voltage tap, which monitors the energy capacity of individual cells in the
A battery charge state monitor, which is a small processor, handles the whole
charging process to make sure the batteries charge as quickly and fully as
If one tries to use laptop working in an extremely hot car, then this computer may prevent
from powering up until things cool off. Before the cells are completely discharged, the
battery pack will shut down to avoid damage to the battery pack. It also keeps track of the
number of charge/discharge cycles and sends out information so the laptop's battery meter
can tell how much charge is left in the battery.
Lithium-ion battery cells are arranged in series and parallel to meet various voltage and
capacity needs of the telecom industry. This "core" of cells is constructed in a manner
designed to mitigate any propagation of individual cell failure and minimize capacity loss.
The Battery Management System (BMS) controls all cell functions according to the
manufacturer's specifications, manages all parameters impacting on the battery's
performance and battery-to-battery communications, alarms, data logging of critical
battery parameters and remote monitoring.
Lithium-ion battery may last two or three years from the date of manufacture whether it
is used or not, but it will work about for 5 years if it is used properly.
3.0 Structure and Chemical Composition
Lithium batteries include lithium ion, lithium polymer, lithium metal polymer and a host
of other lithium derivatives. Though may have different cathode materials such as cobalt,
nickel manganese cobalt, manganese dioxide, iron phosphate.
The anodes of a lithium-ion battery are made of lightweight
lithium and
carbon. Lithium
is also a highly reactive element, meaning that a lot of energy can be stored in its atomic
bonds. This translates into a very high
energy density for lithium-ion batteries. Lithium
is also a good conductor of electricity.
Li-ion cell has cathode made of Lithium Cobalt oxide and anode made of specialty
carbon and a separator layer. The battery has electrolyte which is a lithium compuound in
an organic solvent. Li-ion battery is also equipped with safety measures and protective
electronic circuits or fuses to prevent reverse polarity, over voltage and over heating. Li-
ion battery also has a pressure release valve and a safety vent to prevent it from bursting.
4.0 Chemical Reaction and Working Principle
The following chemical reaction that takes place inside the battery during charge and
discharge operation:
The lithium atom of cathode is ionized during charging and moves from layer to layer in
the negative electrode. During discharge Li - ions move to the positive electrode which
embodies the original compound.
5.0 Performance
Evaluation
The Performance of lithium cell also demonstrates a wide temperature operating range
(from -20ºC to +65ºC), it has very good depth of discharge characteristics and requires no
To validate safety devices, the cells undergo a variety of testing where the cell's
temperature and voltages are monitored under extreme event situations such as Crush
Test, Impact Test, Heat Test, Over Current Test, Short Circuit Tests, etc.
6.0 Precautions while using lithium batteries
Constant current/constant voltage method is used for charging the lithium batteries. A
constant current should be maintained to discharge the batteries.
Do not solder any wire directly onto the battery.
Verify the polarity of the batteries before charging to ensure that they are never charged
with the polarity reversed.
Over discharge can damage the performance of the battery. Equip the battery system with
a mechanism to prevent over discharge, especially in situations where the user may forget
to turn the equipment off.
The batteries should be stored at room temperature. Do not place the battery on or near
fires, stoves, or other high-temperature locations. Do not heat the battery. Do not place
the battery in direct sunlight, or use or store the battery inside hot environment. Doing so
may cause the battery to generate heat, rupture, or ignite. Using the battery in this manner
may also result in a loss of performance and a shortened life expectancy
Do not short circuit the positive and negative terminals with any metal object.
Do not carry or store the batteries together with metal objects.
Do not pierce the battery with nails, strike the battery with a hammer, step on the battery,
or otherwise subject it to strong impacts or shocks.
For better safety of the battery, the charging and discharging temperature should be
beyond 45o C and 60o C respectively.
6.10 Do not disassemble or modify the battery. The battery contains safety and protection
devices which, if damaged, may cause the battery to generate heat, rupture or ignite.
Do not leave the battery idle for longer time because batteries utilize a chemical reaction,
battery performance will deteriorate over time even if stored idle for a long period of
Do not expose the battery to water or salt water, or allow the battery to get wet.
7 Advantages
Lithium-based battery technologies offer a cost effective solution given their higher
energy densities, longer life and low maintenance costs.
Lithium-ion battery may work for about 5 years from the manufacturing date if it is used
Lithium ion batteries provide more energy in a smaller container, less space, less
maintenance, better performance and high reliability.
Lithium-ion battery packs come in all shapes and sizes.
Battery charge/discharge state monitoring arrangement is available with the help of a
Lithium-ion batteries offer longer float life over VRLA batteries and give higher voltage
Lithium batteries are generally much lighter than other types of rechargeable batteries of
Lithium-ion batteries have no memory effect and discharge capacity does not reduce on
each charge/discharge cycle.
8.0 Issues, Challenges and Drawbacks
Consumer batteries usually incorporate over - current or thermal protection or vents in
order to prevent explosion. Lithium-ion batteries may burst into flames occasionally.
There is a small chance that, if a lithium-ion battery pack fails, it will burst into flame.
Just two or three battery packs per million may have a problem. A kind of short circuit
happens inside the lithium-ion battery due to separator failure. Since lithium-ion batteries
can handle large currents, they may get very hot. The heat may cause the battery to vent
the organic solvent used as an electrolyte, and the heat (or a nearby spark) can ignite it.
Once that happens inside one of the cells, the heat of the fire cascades to the other cells
and the whole pack goes up in flames.
There are very few suppliers of large capacity lithium-ion batteries.
Capital cost of lithium battery is higher than traditional lead acid battery. However the
cost of lithium battery depends upon the application and the site conditions where it will
be deployed. If space is not the problem the lithium-ion battery may be an attractive
Lithium-ion batteries are extremely sensitive to high temperatures. Heat causes lithium-
ion battery packs to degrade much faster than the normal, resulting in poor performance.
Lithium-ion chemistry prefers partial discharge to deep discharge. On completely
discharging a lithium-ion battery, may damage it irreparably. So it is best to avoid
discharging the battery completely.
Lithium-ion battery starts degrading as soon as it leaves the factory. Lithium-ion battery
may last two or three years from the date of manufacture whether one use them or not. It
can work about 5 years if one uses properly.
A lithium-ion battery pack has an on-board computer to manage the battery and draws
power for its own use and looses 5 % of its power every month while lying idle.
The additional circuitry for own use also makes the lithium battery more expensive.
References
Brain, Marshall, and Charles W. Bryant. "
How Batteries Work" 01 April 2000. HowStuffWorks.com
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‘Lithium-ion batteries for telecom applications',
Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2007. INTELEC 2007. 29th International Volume, Issue, Sept. 30, 2007 - Oct. 4, 2007 Page 708 – 712.
(3) Gold Peak Industries (Taiwan), Ltd.,
Hopp Richard (VP Corporate Development) and Miller Dave (Chief Technology Officer International Telecom Power (Canada) Mountain Power Inc. Canada Delta) ‘
Next Generation Lithium-ion Battery for Telecommunication Distributed Power Systems',
Lars Ole Valøen (Miljø Innovasjon AS, Norway) and Mark I. Shoesmith (E-One Moli Energy (Canada) Ltd.), '
The effect of PHEV and HEV duty cycles on battery and battery pack performance'
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‘Overview of lithium ion batteries', Electronics-lab,
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Lithium – ion', August 2003
Pansonic, Lithium – ion,
Overview of lithium ion batteries', August 2003.
Scott Dearborn, Principal Applications Engineer, Microchip Technology, Chandler, Ariz '
Charging Li-ion Batteries for Maximum Run Times' Power Electronics Technology April 2005.
Source: http://tec.gov.in/pdf/Studypaper/Lithium%20Ion%20Battery%20for%20Telecom%20Applications.pdf
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