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Irishvetjournal.org
Volume 57 (8) : August, 2004
Irish Veterinary Journal
Right dorsal colitis in the horse: minireview and reports on three
cases in Ireland
Noreen Galvin,1
Hugh Dillon2 and
Frank McGovern2
1 Bohergoy, Maddenstown, The Curragh, Co Kildare, Ireland2 Troytown Equine Hospital, Green Road, Kildare Town, Co Kildare, Ireland
Right dorsal colitis (RDC) is an ulcerative inflammatory bowel disorder of the horse that
Key words
has been associated with the administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs), particularly in horses treated when dehydrated or toxaemic. The acute form of
Right dorsal colitis, Phenylbutazone,
RDC may result in profuse diarrhoea, severe colic, dehydration, endotoxic shock and
even death; the chronic form may be manifest by mild to moderate intermittent colic,
ventral oedema and weight loss with or without diarrhoea. The most consistent
Loss of weight.
laboratory findings are anaemia, hypoproteinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia andhypocalcaemia. Medical management of RDC requires avoidance of NSAIDs, of stressfulexperiences and of large-volume diets. Specific medications such as sucralfate andmetronidazole have been used to treat RDC in the horse. The use of dietary additionssuch as psyllium and corn oil has been mentioned in the literature. RDC has not been reported previously in Ireland or Britain; here we report that thecondition was diagnosed in three horses in Ireland on the bases of a history ofphenylbutazone therapy, clinical signs, clinical pathology and ultrasonography. In two ofthe three horses the diagnosis was confirmed by direct inspection of the affected colonat celiotomy.
Irish Veterinary Journal
Volume
57: 467 - 473, 2004
Minireview of the literature
Right dorsal colitis is a specific type of protein-losing, ulcerative
inflammator y bowel disorder of the horse that has been
There is evidence that dehydration, enterotoxaemia or pre-
associated with the administration of non-steroidal anti-
existing lesions of the colon increase the risk of RDC amongst
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), most commonly phenylbutazone
horses being treated with NSAIDs such as phenylbutazone or
(Karcher
et al., 1990). Although the condition is relatively
flunixin meglumine. NSAIDs can cause ulceration throughout
common in the USA, it has not been reported in Ireland or
the entire gastrointestinal tract of horses (MacAllister, 1983;
Britain, despite many horses receiving phenylbutazone therapy.
MacKay
et al., 1983; Collins and Tyler, 1984). The exact reason
In this paper we provide a minireview of the literature on RDC
for the localization of ulceration in the right dorsal colon has not
and we report the diagnosis of the condition in three horses in
been elucidated; however, one hypothesis is that phenylbutazone
is bound extensively to roughage and is released afterfermentation in the large colon (Mathio
et al., 1986). There isprolonged contact time between the drug and the right dorsal
Corresponding author:
colon due to the slow transit time and the narrowing of the
lumen at the junction of the right dorsal colon and the transverse
colon (Cohen, 2002).
Maddenstown, The Curragh,
NSAIDs inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme, of which
Co Kildare, Ireland
there are two known isoforms: COX-1 and COX-2 (Griswold
Tel: 087 267 3145; E-mail:
[email protected].
and Adams, 1996). COX-1 mediates prostaglandin E2cytoprotection in the gastrointestinal tract; COX-2 is the isoform
Volume 57 (8) : August, 2004Irish Veterinary Journal
that is responsible for the production of the prostaglandins
which are targeted more to inhibition of COX-2 than to
associated with inflammation. Drugs such as phenylbutazone,
inhibition of COX-1 (MacAllister
et al., 1993).
which cause proportionately more inhibition of COX-1 than ofCOX-2, may cause a reduction in cytoprotective effects mediated
Avoid stressful situations
by prostaglandin E , resulting in hypoxic or ischaemic damage to
Decreasing or discontinuing work regimes is important in the
the mucosa (Griswold and Adams, 1996).
recovery phase of affected horses (Cohen, 2002). It is desirable
The dose of phenylbutazone required to induce ulcerative colitis
to avoid any situations that may cause stress (such as changes in
was initially thought to be greater than 10mg/kg bwt s.i.d. for
management regimes) or may precipitate dehydration (as in long
longer than seven to ten days (Meschter
et al., 1990; MacAllister,
1983). However, in one study, RDC was induced in two horsesby administering 6mg/kg bwt phenylbutazone s.i.d. for five days
while water intake was restricted to half maintenance
Large-volume fibre sources should be eliminated to reduce the
requirements (Karcher
et al., 1990).
mechanical and physical load on the compromised colon, in
The variable occur rence of the toxic side ef fects of
order to favour mucosal healing (Cohen
et al., 1995a; Cohen,
phenylbutazone may be attributed to individual variation (i.e.,
2002). A low bulk diet, consisting of a pelleted feed and small
age, breed, health status, hydration, diet, stress levels and
quantities of grass, should be provided in several small feeds
duration of treatment). There appears to be a higher incidence in
during the day. Generally, a period of three to six months should
young horses and ponies, perhaps because young horses that are
be allowed for the colon to heal prior to reintroduction of bulk
in work are more likely to be prescribed NSAIDs for treatment of
musculoskeletal injuries (Cohen, 2002).
The use of psyllium mucilloid, a soluble dietary fibre, may beuseful. When fed intermittently, it acts as a laxative. When fed
Clinical aspects
continuously, it can result in the production of short-chain fatty
Clinical signs of acute RDC may include profuse diarrhoea,
acids, which may promote healing and repair of the colonic
severe colic, dehydration, endotoxic shock and death. The
mucosa (Argenzio, 1994). The recommended dose is 100g once
chronic form may be manifested by mild to moderate
daily for three to six months. However, control studies on
intermittent colic, ventral oedema, weight loss with or without
psyllium mucilloid in equine species are lacking.
diarrhoea, the duration of which can vary from weeks to several
The addition of oils to the diet of horses with RDC has been
months (Karcher
et al., 1990; Simmons
et al., 1990; Cohen
et
proposed as beneficial (Bueno
et al., 2000; Cohen, 2002). The
al., 1995a, b; Bueno
et al., 2000; Cohen, 2002). The most
addition of corn oil, 100 to 200ml daily, also has the advantage
consistent clinicopathological features include anaemia,
of introducing low-bulk calories to the patient's diet (Cohen
et
hypoproteinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and hypocalcaemia
al., 1995a). Ensure plentiful water supply at all times to avoid
(Karcher
et al., 1990; Cohen
et al., 1995a, b), all probably due
to losses through the damaged mucosa. Anaemia is usually mild,and the PCV rarely falls below 0.25L/L (Cohen
et al., 1995a, b;
Use of specific medication
Bueno
et al., 2000; Cohen, 2002).
has been shown to prevent ulceration in the
gastrointestinal tract of ponies (Collins and Tyler, 1985).
Misoprostal is a synthetic analogue of PGE . However, side
Initial reports described RDC as a condition that needs surgical
effects (which may include abdominal discomfort) and cost are
inter vention; however, such surgical treatments were not
likely to limit its use in the horse. Other anti-ulcer medications
successful (Karcher
et al., 1990; Simmons
et al., 1990). While
like histamine -receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors
definitive diagnosis requires exploratory laparotomy, this is
are unlikely to be effective in the treatment of RDC as their
unlikely to be the best therapeutic approach. Medical
function is to decrease gastric acidity (Cohen
et al., 1995b). They
management is likely to provide a more satisfactory outcome if an
may have a role in treating concurrent gastric ulceration.
accurate and early diagnosis can be made on the bases of history,
It has been suggested that sucralfate may be beneficial at
clinical signs and clinical pathology, and if the owner can be
22mg/kg bwt p.o. t.i.d. (MacAllister and Taylor-MacAllister,
persuaded to comply with the therapeutic and dietary constraints
1994). Administration can be relatively inexpensive and it has
that must be observed. Medical management is based upon four
been used in cases of RDC (Cohen, 1995b).
main principles: avoid further use of NSAIDs, avoid stressful
Metronidazole and sulphasalazine have been used in human
situations, modify the diet, and use specific medication.
patients to deal with NSAID-induced enteropathies. The effectsof sulphasalazine in the horse have not been evaluated.
Avoid further use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Metronidazole has been used in the treatment of RDC (Cohen,
If the use of a non-steroidal anti-inflammator y dr ug is
2002). It should be added to the therapeutic regime if secondary
unavoidable, use less ulcerogenic drugs, such as ketoprofen,
anaerobic infection is suspected. Recently, glutamine has been
Volume 57 (8) : August, 2004
Irish Veterinary Journal
TABLE 1: History and signalment of the three horses diagnosed with right dorsal colitis
Age (years)
Clinical signs reported
by owner prior to admission
intermittent colic,
intermittent colic
and diarrhoea.
Duration of signs before admission (days)
Duration of administration of phenylbutazone (days)
Estimated dose of phenylbutazone
5mg/kg/bwt b.i.d.
4mg/kg/bwt b.i.d.
administered (per os)
for two day and 2.5
mg/kg/bwt. b.i.d. for
b.i.d. for twelve days
TABLE 2: Clinical examination of the three horses on admission
Exhibiting signs
of abdominal discomfort
Heart rate (per minute)
Respiratory rate (per minute)
Pale, CRT< 2 sec
Pale, CRT<2sec
Pale, CRT<2sec
Mild weight loss
Moderate weight loss
Oedema between the rami
CRT= capillary refill time; L = left side of abdomen; R = right side of abdomen
shown to improve the healing and repair of the mucosa in the
gain is also a good indicator of progress, if weight loss was a
damaged right dorsal colon of horses (Rotting
et al., 2002).
presenting sign.
Horses with acute RDC may require intravenous fluid therapy tocombat dehydration and endotoxaemia. Plasma and other
Case reports
colloids may be necessary in the acute RDC if the animal is
severely hypoproteinaemic. This will increase the plasma oncotic
History and clinical examination
pressure and aid in the reduction of ventral oedema and oedema
A two-year-old Thoroughbred colt in training was admitted to
of the bowel wall.
the hospital for investigation and treatment of weight loss and
Once medical treatment has been initiated, progress can be
intermittent bouts of colic over a period of 30 days. Diarrhoea
monitored by assessing the frequency of the colic episodes.
had been present for five to seven days. Seven weeks prior to
Monitoring serum total protein and serum albumin can be a
admission the colt had been prescribed a seven-day course of oral
useful indicator of the healing process: values should increase
phenylbutazone for a fore limb lameness. The dose was 2g
gradually over two to twelve weeks. Ultrasonography can be used
(5mg/kg bwt) p.o. b.i.d. for two days then reduced to 1g p.o.
at regular intervals to monitor the thickness of the wall of the
b.i.d. (Table 1). Results of the clinical examination are outlined
right dorsal colon and to assess the degree of oedema. Weight
Volume 57 (8) : August, 2004Irish Veterinary Journal
TABLE 3: Clinical pathology and further diagnostic tests on three horses with right dorsal colitis
Packed cell volume L/L
White blood cell count x 109/L
Neutrophils x 109/L
Serum total protein g/L
Serum albumin g/L
Total serum calcium mmol/L
Faecal occult blood
Worm egg count
Gastric ulceration present on gastroscopy
Abdominal fluid analyses
White blood cells x109/L
Total protein g/L
Thickness of the wall of the right dorsal colon (ultrasound) cm
FIGURE 1:
Further investigations
Horse 1. Image of
Clinicopathological abnormalities included mild anaemia, severe
the abaxial wall of
hypoproteinaemia with a hypoalbuminaemia (Table 3). Total
serum calcium was decreased. Faecal occult blood test was positive.
Abdominocentesis revealed a grossly normal sample of peritoneal
fluid, with an elevated white blood cell content and increased
total protein (Table 3). Abdominal ultrasonography was
intercostal space.
unremarkable except for an increased thickness (1.3cm) in the
The liver and the
wall of the right dorsal colon at the level of the 12th intercostal
space (Figure 1).
lying dorsal to the
Initial supportive therapy consisted of intravenous balanced polyionic
fluids at 70ml/kg/day, with 2 litres of fresh frozen plasmaadministered over six hours. Three litres of hydroxyethyl starch 6%
days. On discharge, packed cell volume (PCV) was 0.27L/L,
(7.5ml/kg bwt) was also administered i.v. in the initial 24-hour
total protein 25g/L and albumin 11g/L. Follow-up treatment
period, followed by 2 litres (5ml/kg bwt) on each of the following
included elimination of all high bulk fibre from the diet and
two days. On admission, there was no evidence of endotoxaemia;
replacement with low volume fresh grass feeds and pelleted
however, prophylactic therapy with 3.2g pentoxifylline (8mg/kg bwt)
feedstuffs. Psyllium mucilloid (50g) and corn oil (200ml) were
p.o. b.i.d. for five days was initiated. Bismuth and salicylate mixture
added to the feed twice daily for the following three months. The
was administered via nasogastric tube, 1.2 litres (3ml/kg bwt) b.i.d
owner was advised to avoid administration of all NSAIDs and the
for 48 hours.
colt was withdrawn from training to minimise stress.
While in the hospital the colt's appetite was considered normal. High
In the initial month following discharge the colt experienced two
bulk fibre roughage was withdrawn from the diet and frequent feeds
bouts of colic. The first coincided with the accidental feeding of
of fresh grass and a commercial pelleted concentrate were fed.
hay. The colt responded favourably to intravenous injections of4mg detomidine (0.01mg/kg bwt) and 4mg butorphanol
(0.01mg/kg bwt). The second incident was mild, of short
The colt remained bright during his hospitalization and clinical
duration and specific treatment was not needed.
parameters were normal. Crystalloid and colloid therapies were
One month after discharge the PCV was 0.32L/L, total protein
discontinued 72 hours after presentation. Faecal consistency
was 36g/L and albumin was 18g/L. Three month after
improved within 48 hours and the colt was discharged after five
discharge the PCV was within normal limits and total protein was
Volume 57 (8) : August, 2004
Irish Veterinary Journal
54g/L with albumin at 25g/L. Training was resumed two weeks
Two weeks after discharge the gelding was readmitted for
later and at the time of writing (eighteen months after discharge)
evaluation of colic, which had not responded to 2g phenylbutazone
there has been no report of further problems.
administered i.v. four hours earlier by the referring veterinarian. Atpresentation, the heart rate was elevated at 64 beats/minute;
abdominal auscultation revealed poor gut motility in all quadrants.
History and clinical examination
PCV was 0.31L/L, total protein was 40g/L and albumin was
A five-year-old sporthorse gelding was presented to the hospital
16g/L. On rectal examination, a distended and displaced large
for investigation and treatment of a mild colic, which had not
colon could be felt cranial to the pelvic inlet. In view of the clinical
resolved after the administration of 2g phenylbutazone i.v. by the
findings an exploratory celiotomy was performed.
referring veterinarian. Oral phenylbutazone had been prescribed
Preoperatively, the gelding received an intravenous injection of 3.3g
three weeks previously for a wound on the lateral forearm. The
gentamicin (6.6mg/kg bwt) and an intramuscular injection of 6g
duration of treatment was fourteen days at a dose of 2g (4mg/kg
procaine penicillin (12mg/kg bwt). Anaesthesia was induced with
bwt) p.o. b.i.d. for two days and then 1g (2mg/kg bwt) p.o.
intravenous injections of 550mg xylazine (1.1mg/kg bwt) followed
b.i.d. for the following twelve days (Table 1). Findings of the
by 1.1g ketamine (2.2mg/kg bwt) and 20mg (0.04mg/kg bwt)
clinical examination are outlined in Table 2.
diazepam; it was maintained with halothane and oxygen in a semi-closed circuit. A balanced electrolyte solution (Hartmann's) was
Further investigations
administered continuously during surger y at a rate of
Clinicopathological abnormalities included a mild anaemia,
leukocytosis, hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia (Table
A standard midline celiotomy approach was performed. There was
3). Total serum calcium was decreased. Faecal occult blood test
gross distension of caecum and the entire large colon. Following
was positive. Abdominocentesis revealed a grossly normal sample,
initial decompression, the colon was identified on the right side of
which had an elevated total protein concentration (Table 3).
the caecal base, having become displaced cranially and then laterally
Abdominal ultrasonography was unremarkable, with the right
(right dorsal displacement with the colons passing in an anti-
dorsal colon wall measuring 0.5cm in thickness at intercostal
clockwise direction as viewed from the ventral abdomen). The
space 12 on the right-hand side. Gastroscopy carried out
displacement was reduced and the large colon was exteriorised. On
eighteen hours after admission showed the presence of multifocal
visual examination the entire wall of the large colon was moderately
ulcerations along the squamous epithelium of the margo plicatus
congested and oedematous. Lesions restricted to the right dorsal
and involving the dorsal region of the glandular mucosa.
colon included multifocal areas of congested serosa with irregularmural thickenings. The content of the large colon was removed via
enterotomy at the pelvic flexure, after which the serosa of the large
Analgesia was induced by the intravenous administration of
colon improved in colour, except in the affected areas of the right
250mg xylazine (0.5mg/kg bwt) and 5mg butorphanol
dorsal colon where the serosa remained congested and the bowel
(0.01mg/kg bwt), which brought about immediate cessation of
wall remained thickened. Despite these visible pathological changes,
signs of abdominal discomfort. Fluid therapy was initiated with
it was decided not to resect the affected portion but to treat RDC
10 litres of sterile balanced electrolyte solution (Hartmann's)
medically. The abdomen was closed in a standard three-layer closure.
supplemented with 69g calcium borogluconate (140mg/kg
The gelding made an uneventful recovery from anaesthesia, and was
bwt). This was administered at maintenance rates of
maintained postoperatively on 3.3g gentamicin (6.6mg/kg bwt) i.v.
3ml/kg/hour and continued for 24 hours. Trimethoprim
s.i.d., 6g procaine penicillin (12mg/kg bwt) i.m. b.i.d., 4g
sulphonamide 7.5g (15mg/kg bwt) was administered i.v. s.i.d.
pentoxyfilline (8mg/kg bwt) p.o. b.i.d., 15mg butorphanol
for three days. Food was withheld for eighteen hours and
(0.03mg/kg bwt) i.v. t.i.d. for the initial 24 hours postoperatively
omeprazole paste was added to the therapy at a dose of 4mg/kg
and 250g (0.5g/kg bwt) dimethylsulphoxide was administered i.v.
bwt. p.o. s.i.d. for fourteen days.
as a 5% solution s.i.d. Maintenance fluid therapy (1.5L/kg/hour)was continued for 48 hours. The gelding made an uncomplicated
recovery from surgery and was discharged six days after admission.
While the gelding was in the hospital, rectal examinations did not
Clinical pathology at this time showed a packed cell volume of
reveal any abnormalities. The gelding did not experience any more
0.29L/L, total protein at 36g/L and albumin at 16g/L. Follow-up
colic symptoms over the following 72 hours and was discharged from
therapy consisted of box rest, dietary modification, continuation of
the hospital. Follow-up therapy consisted of omeprazole paste
psyllium and corn oil in the diet and avoidance of non-steroidal
formulation 4mg/kg p.o. s.i.d., and the addition of psyllium mucilloid
anti-inflammatory drugs. For the initial two months after discharge,
(50g) and corn oil (200ml) to the diet twice daily. In order to
the gelding experienced mild bouts of colic on average every two
eliminate high bulk fibre from the diet, small quantities of fresh grass
weeks, which were controllable with xylazine or detomidine and
and pelleted feed were to be given at frequent intervals during the day.
butorphanol. Clinical pathology ten weeks after discharge showed
The owner was also advised regarding the avoidance of NSAIDs.
packed cell volume of 0.32L/L, total protein at 43g/L and
Volume 57 (8) : August, 2004Irish Veterinary Journal
albumin at 20g/L. At the last update, twelve months after surgery,
anastomosis was carried out. The abdomen was closed in a
the gelding was competing successfully, and had not experienced
standard three-layer closure.
any noted abdominal discomfort in the latter nine months.
The mare made an uneventful recover y from anaesthesia.
Postoperative therapy included 3.3g gentamicin (6.6mg/kg bwt)
i.v. s.i.d. for five days, 6g procaine penicillin (12mg/kg bwt) i.m.
History and clinical examination
b.i.d. for seven days, 7.5 g metronidazole (15mg/kg bwt) p.o.
A 10-year-old mare was admitted to the hospital for investigation
b.i.d. for five days, 15mg butorphanol (0.03mg/kg bwt) i.v. t.i.d.
and treatment of weight loss and intermittent bouts of acute colic
for 24 hours, 4g pentoxyfilline (8mg/kg bwt) p.o. b.i.d. for five
over a period of six months. Diarrhoea had been present for the
days and 250gm dimethylsulphoxide (0.5gm/kg bwt)
previous month. Seven months prior to presentation,
administered i.v. as a 5 % solution s.i.d. for three days.
phenylbutazone was administered for a chronic lameness. The
Maintenance i.v. fluids were provided for three days. Water was
owner could not recall the exact dose; however, the duration of
allowed p.o. 24 hours after surgery and small grass feeds were
administration was at least three weeks. Results of the clinical
introduced after 36 hours. The mare continued to make an
examination are outlined in Table 2.
uneventful recovery from surgery and was discharged after 10days hospitalisation.
Further investigations
Clinicopathological abnormalities included mild anaemia and
leukopaenia with neutropaenia (Table 3). There was moderate
Gross examination of the resected bowel revealed severe oedema
hypoproteinaemia with marked hypoalbuminaemia and mild
of the bowel wall with multiple haemorrhagic areas on the serosal
hypocalcaemia. Faecal occult blood test was positive. Abdominal
surface. There was marked congestion with severe diffuse
ultrasonography showed a slight increase in the amount of free
ulceration of the mucosa. Histopathology confirmed ulcerative
peritoneal fluid and also a thickened right dorsal colon wall (1.2
foci in the mucosa, with fibronecrotic debris overlying some of
cm). Abdominocentesis revealed a grossly normal sample,
the ulcerated areas. There were infiltrating sheets of fibrous
without abnormalities on analysis.
connective tissue in the lamina propria.
Initially, the diet was altered to remove high bulk fibre, and
Four weeks after discharge the mare was reported to be doing
frequent feeds of fresh grass and pelleted concentrate feeds were
very well; she was still on box rest and being fed small and
introduced. Forty-eight hours after presentation, the mare became
frequent feeds. Haematology and biochemistry at this time
restless with frequent attempts to roll. Clinical examination at this
showed packed cell volume at 0.33L/L, total protein at 45g/L
time revealed an elevated pulse of 84 beats/minute and an
and albumin at 20g/L.
increased respirator y rate of 24 breaths/minute. Rectal
Six weeks after discharge the mare developed severe colic and was
examination at this time did not reveal any abnormality. PCV
euthanised by the referring veterinarian. A postmor tem
increased to 0.44L/L and total protein to 50g/L. Nasogastric
examination was not carried out.
intubation did not yield gastric reflux. On intravenousadministration of 300mg xylazine (0.06mg/kg bwt) and 10mg
Discussion
butorphanol (0.02mg/kg bwt) the colic symptoms resolved but
The diagnoses of right dorsal colitis were based on the history of
they recurred 15 minutes later. Due to the clinical findings and
phenylbutazone administration, together with the clinical signs,
the poor response to analgesia, an exploratory celiotomy was
clinical pathology and ultrasonography. These findings allow for a
presumptive diagnosis of RDC (Cohen
et al., 1995a, b; Bueno
et
Preoperatively, the mare received 3.3g gentamicin (6.6mg/kg
al., 2000; Cohen, 2002). The differential diagnoses for RDC
bwt) i.v. and 6g procaine penicillin (12mg/kg bwt) i.m. Ten litres
include gastric ulceration, inflammatory, neoplastic or parasitic
of a sterile balanced electrolyte solution was administered rapidly
bowel diseases, and hepatopathies. Each of the three horses was
i.v. Anaesthesia and fluid therapy protocols were the same as for
subjected to a comprehensive work-up with those differential
diagnoses in mind. In horses 2 and 3 direct visualization of the
The mare was placed in dorsal recumbency and a ventral
affected colon at celiotomy enabled confirmation of the diagnosis
celiotomy approach was performed. Abdominal exploration
and exclusion of other possible causes of the clinical signs
revealed the colon to be in the correct position. Once the entire
exhibited by the animals.
large colon was exteriorised, significant pathology was evident,
Abdominal ultrasonography was used in the diagnosis of all three
localised to the right dorsal colon. There was diffuse mural
cases. The peripheral wall of the right dorsal colon can be
oedema with multiple old and fresh haemorrhagic lesions on the
visualized through the intercostal spaces 11 to 15 on the right-
serosa. Due to the gross pathological changes, the affected
hand side of the abdomen. The duodenum and the liver will be
portion of the right dorsal colon was resected and an end-to-end
in the dorsal plane with the ventral colon ventrally. The wall
Volume 57 (8) : August, 2004
Irish Veterinary Journal
should rarely exceed 0.4cm thickness (Reef, 1998). Mural
Cohen, N.D., Carter, G.K., Mealey, R.H. and
Taylor, T.S.
thickening up to 2.5cm has been recorded in RDC (Cohen
(1995a). Medical management of right dorsal colitis in five
2002). The interpretation of the image is very dependent on the
experience and skill of the operator. There is a high risk of false
Veterinary Internal Medicine 9: 272-276.
negatives as only a small portion of the right dorsal colon is
Cohen, N.D., Mealey, R.H., Chaffin, M.K. and
Carter, G.K.
imaged. Mural thickenings were identified in horse 1 (1.3cm)
(1995b). The recognition and medical management of right
and in horse 3 (1.2cm) but not in horse 2 - this may represent a
dorsal colitis in horses.
Veterinary Medicine 90: 687-692.
false negative finding, since two weeks later RDC was confirmed
Collins, L.G. and
Tyler, D.E. (1984). Phenylbutazone toxicosis
by direct visual inspection during exploratory laparotomy. It was
in the horse: a clinical study.
Journal of the American Veterinary
felt that the specific lesions on the right dorsal colon of this horse
Medical Association 184: 699-703.
could not be attributed just to the displacement of the colon;
Collins, L.G. and
Tyler, D.E. (1985). Experimentally induced
given the history, clinical findings and clinical pathology, the
phenylbutazone toxicosis in ponies: description of the syndrome
lesions were more indicative of RDC.
and its prevention with synthetic prostaglandin E .
American
Gastroscopy is recommended in suspected cases of RDC as
Journal of Veterinary Research 46: 1605-1615.
gastric ulceration can occur concomitantly with RDC, as it did in
horse 2. Faecal occult blood was present in all three horses.
cycloxygenase (COX-1) and inducable cycloxygenase (COX-2);
Horse 1 and 3 had the faecal samples taken prior to rectal
rationale for selective inhibition and progress to date.
Medical
examination; however, the sample from horse 2 was taken
Research Review 16: 181–206.
following rectal examination. False positive results for occult
Karcher, L.F., Dill, S.G., Anderson, W.I. and
King, J.M.
blood may be obtained up to 24 hours following rectal
(1990). Right dorsal colitis.
Journal of Veterinar y Internal
examination (Cohen, 2002).
Medicine 4: 247– 253.
Hypoproteinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, decreased total serum
calcium and mild anaemia were present in all three horses.
phenylbutazone in ponies.
American Journal of Veterinar y
Peritoneal fluid analyses revealed increases in total protein and
Research 44: 2277-2279.
the white blood cell count for horses 1 and 2 but these
MacAllister, C.G., Morgan, S.J., Borne, A.T. and
Pollet, R.A.
parameters were within normal ranges for horse 3. On admission,
(1993). Comparison of the adverse effects of phenylbutazone,
horse 1 was massively hypoalbuminaemic and also had diarrhoea.
flunixin meglumine and ketoprofen in horses.
Journal of the
Intravenous fluid therapy was administered at 1.5 times
American Veterinary Medical Association 202: 71-77.
maintenance to help prevent dehydration and systemic
MacAllister, C.G. and
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Source: http://www.irishvetjournal.org/content/pdf/2046-0481-57-8-467.pdf
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