HM Medical Clinic

Viagra gibt es mittlerweile nicht nur als Original, sondern auch in Form von Generika. Diese enthalten denselben Wirkstoff Sildenafil. Patienten suchen deshalb nach viagra generika schweiz, um ein günstigeres Präparat zu finden. Unterschiede bestehen oft nur in Verpackung und Preis.

Endocannabinoid system and trpv1 receptors in the dorsal hippocampus of the rats modulate anxiety-like behaviors

Reports of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Vol. 3, No. 2, Apr 2015
Short article
Pattern of Infection and Antibiotic Activity among
Streptococcus agalactiae Isolates from Adults
in Mashhad, Iran
Masoumeh Malek-Jafarian1, Fatemeh-Sadat Hosseini*1, Abodol-Reza Ahmadi1 Abstract
Background: One of the main causes of sexually transmitted diseases is group B β- hemolytic
streptococci (GBS) multiplying in the genital tracts. Penicillin is the most common drug for the
treatment of infections caused by these bacteria, but in patients suffering from Penicillin allergy,
Erythromycin and Clindamycin are used as alternative therapeutic drugs against GBS. Recently,
resistance to these drugs has been reported more often. In this study, efforts have been made to
determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of GBS.
Methods: Modified Christie Atkins Munch-Petersen (CAMP) test was conducted on over 2400
samples of urine and discharge taken from vagina, urethra and prostate. The drug sensitivity was
performed by double disk sensitivity tests to Bacitracin, Trimethoprim, and Sulfamethoxazole and
then the resistant samples were investigated by E-test to determine the minimal inhibitory
concentrations (MICs) value.
Results: Twenty-three vaginal and 10 urethral discharge, 27urine and 6 prostatic secretion samples
were GBS positive. The most symbiotic microorganisms with GBS were strains of Enterococci
(90%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (25%) and Candida albicans (6%). The disk diffusion
method showed 18 cases with Penicillin resistance (MIC: 1.5 mg/ml).
Conclusion: Taken together, GBS carriers' rate in this study was found 20.65% (8.24% men and
12.4% women). Furthermore, findings showed high-level resistance to Erythromycin and
Clindamycin.

Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Genitourinary system, Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC),
Streptococcus agalactiae,

Introduction
Group B β- hemolytic streptococci (GBS) is the main in adults. Especially people with background diseases cause of blood infection and Meningitis in infants (1, such as diabetes mellitus, malignant tumor, liver and 2). According to the statistics published by the World kidney failure, immune deficiency such as acquired Health Organization (WHO), about 15-45% of immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are at the risk women are affected by GBS in their genitourinary for GBS (6-9). Moreover, GBS increases the risk for system (3, 4). Fifty percent of infants become infected sexual diseases; it can multiply in the male before birth or during delivery. In such cases, nearly reproductive organs, particularly the urethra and 1-2% of newborns will develop progressively severe prostate and then possibly lead to pneumonia and complications such as meningitis (5). In addition, bacteremia (9). Penicillin is the well-known drug in Streptococcus agalactiae may cause severe infections the treatment of infections caused by GBS. However, 1: Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Paramedicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
*Corresponding author: Fatemeh-Sadat Hosseini; Tel: +98 51- 38827029; Fax: +98- 51- 37684082; E-mail: [email protected]
Received: Jun 21, 2014; Accepted: Oct 10, 2014
Malek-Jafarian M et al.
for people who have an allergic reaction to Penicillin, by antibiotic carriers were applied to each plate. After Erythromycin and Clindamycin are prescribed for overnight incubation, the MIC was reported at the patients with GBS infections. Recently, a developing intersection of growth inhibition zone with the strip. resistance to these drugs has been reported (10). The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. agalactiae in genitourinary system infections Table 1 shows the frequent GBS infections by gender and its resistance to Erythromycin and Clindamycin. representing 69.7% of women carrying GBS. Clinical isolates from different sites distributed Materials and Methods
among different age groups are summarized in table Samples were obtained from individuals with the 2. With routine identification tests, a total of 66 GBS genitourinary system infection (aged 15-40 and over) isolates were characterized (27 Urine, 23 Vagina, 9 referred to medical diagnostic laboratories in Urethra and 6 Prostate). The majority were from the Mashhad (Iran). Human specimens for testing collected samples of urine and vaginal discharge included urine (n=1687), discharge taken from the demonstrating 40.9% and 34.85%, respectively. vagina (n=208), urethra (n=200) and prostate Moreover, our findings indicated that specimens (n=205). At first, epithelial cells (ECs) and white taken from the vagina were more infected with GBS blood cells (WBCs) were counted for all samples. in 26-35 years old (48%). Highest rate of GBS Then, they were streaked over blood agar plates (5% presence in urinary tract was reported among sheep's blood) and incubated into a candle jar. The individuals over 40 years old (67%). For urethra and symbiotic relationship with Enterococcus, prostate secretion, this was ranged from 31 to 40 Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Candida albicans years old (40%). As shown in table 2, there was an (11), and the GBS identification from clinical abnormal increase in the number of WBCs and ECs specimens were analyzed using bacitracin, catalase, in about 34% of GBS isolates. CAMP and Gram stain tests (12, 13). Moreover, It was observed that the most symbiotic subsequent tests were performed to estimate different interactions were occurring between GBS and resistance levels of GBS to different antibiotics Enterococcus, 90%, followed by Staphylococcus (Ampicillin, Penicillin, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, saprophyticus, 25.7% (Table 3). Amoxiclav, Ceftriaxone, Vancomycin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Nalidixic acid and Kanamycin). frequencies with Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole. Clinical isolates of GBS on blood agar were About 27% of infectious samples were resistant to suspended in standard saline inoculating on Mueller- Penicillin at MIC of 1.5 µg/ml. The percentage of Hinton agar plates. Then, two prepared disks of GBS resistance to Clindamycin and Erythromycin Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole (Masc Co, UK) were 20% and 24.5%, respectively, with the average were placed on the plates and incubated overnight MIC value of 0.01 µg/ml. Furthermore, the disk diffusion susceptibility to Amikacin, Gentamicin, In parallel, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) Nalidixic acid and Kanamycin resulted in 100% values were measured by E-test method and resistance for all clinical isolates of GBS fully interpreted as susceptible, intermediate or resistant (15). As described for disk diffusion, the inoculation was carried out in the plates, and then strips covered Table 1. The percentage of GBS carriers by gender.
Total patients
GBS carrier
90 Rep. Biochem. Mol. Biol, Vol. 3, No. 2, Apr 2015 Infection and Antibiotic Activity Among Streptococcus agalactiae Isolates
Table 2. Cell counts in obtained specimens and on site distributions among different age groups
Prostate
Variable
White blood cells
Epithelial cells
Table 3. The culture positivity rate of Group β- hemolytic streptococci (GBS) and its coexistence organisms.
Enterococcus specie
Staphylococcus aureus
Candida species
Table 4. Sensitivity testing frequencies with Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole.
Antibiotic
Susceptible ( %)
Intermediate (%)
Resistant (%)
Ampicillin
Penicillin
Clindamycin
Amoxiclav
Ceftriaxone
Vancomycin
Amikacin
Gentamicin
Nalidixic acid
Kanamycin
Rep. Biochem. Mol. Biol, Vol. 3, No. 2, Apr 2015 Malek-Jafarian M et al.
Discussion
A growing body of literature reported that the resistance rate of GBS to Clindamycin and infection rate and the frequency of antibiotic Erythromycin were among ranges (4-43% for resistance of GBS have increased in adults (16). Clindamycin and 1.7-46% for Erythromycin) so far Taking into account all studies to date, these different recorded (16). We detected lower resistant rate to incidence rates well correlated with geography, age, Clindamycin than those to Penicillin and gender and collection sites reveal serious reservations Erythromycin. Besides, GBS isolates showed full about performing the susceptibility test before susceptibility against Ceftriaxone providing another prescribing any antibiotic therapy (17). alternative option for treating patients especially To elucidate the frequent sites in various age and women with a penicillin allergy in our environment gender groups and resistance rate of GBS, 2400 samples from clinical laboratories in Mashhad, Iran, Our results highlight a rapid screening method were studied and patterns of the antibiotic activity for diagnosing GBS in women. In addition, were carried out by the disk diffusion susceptibility. Clindamycin and Ceftriaxone are suggested as Of the 2400 specimens, vagina indicated a alternative antibacterial against GBS. higher proportion of GBS infection (11.05%) among the rest of isolates. In previous studies the frequency of GBS collection from different sites has The authors would like to thank Ms. Motahare Sadat also predominated in vaginal swabs (15, 18, 19). Hosseini at Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences Surprisingly comparison of our findings with (Mashhad, Iran) for her kind help improving the those from Iran or other countries disclosed that the
References
1. Wang JT, Hsueh PR, Sheng WH, Chang SC, Illinois: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2012. p. Luh KT. Infected chylothorax caused by Streptococcus agalactiae: a case report.J Formos Med 6. Tunkel AR. Bacterial meningitis. Philadelphia: Assoc. 2000 Oct;99(10): 783-4. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001. 2. Andersen JR, Christensen R, Hertel J. Clinical 7. Schuchat A. Epidemiology of group B features and epidemiology of septicaemia and streptococcal disease in the United States: shifting meningitis in neonates due to Streptococcus agalactiae paradigms. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998 Jul; 11(3):497- in Copenhagen County, Denmark: a 10 year survey from 1992 to 2001. Acta Paediatr. 2004 Oct; 93(10): 8. Domingo P, Barquet N, Alvarez M, Coll P, Nava J, Garau J. Group B streptococcal meningitis in 3. Picard FJ, Bergeron MG. Laboratory detection of adults: report of twelve cases and review. Clin Infect group B Streptococcus for prevention of perinatal Dis. 1997 Nov; 25(5):1180-7. disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004 9. Frey MN, Ioppi AE, Bonamigo RR, Prado GP. Sep;23(9): 665-71. Streptococcus agalactie involved in the etiology of 4. Foxman B, Gillespie B, Manning SD, Howard LJ, Sexually Transmitted Diseases. An Bras Dermatol. Tallman P, Zhang L, et al. Incidence and duration of 2011 Nov-Dec; 86 (6): 1205-7. group B Streptococcus by serotype among male and 10. Schoening TE, Wagner J, Arvand M. Prevalence female college students living in a single dormitory. Am of erythromycin and clindamycin resistance among J Epidemiol. 2006 Mar; 163(6): 544-51. Streptococcus agalactiae isolates in Germany. Clin 5. American Academy of Pediatrics. Group B Microbiol Infect. 2005 Jul; 11(7): 579-82. streptococcal infections. In: Pickering LK, editors. 11. Manuel FR, MacDonald SW, Embil JA. Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Prevalence of group B beta-hemolytic streptococci in Infectious Diseases. 29th ed. Elk Grove Village, the male urethra. Scand J Infect Dis. 1980; 12(1): 33-5.
92 Rep. Biochem. Mol. Biol, Vol. 3, No. 2, Apr 2015 Infection and Antibiotic Activity Among Streptococcus agalactiae Isolates
12. Darling CL. Standardization and evaluation of Luh KT. High incidence of erythromycin resistance the CAMP reaction for the prompt, presumptive among clinical isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae in identification of Streptococcus agalactiae (Lancefield Taiwan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Nov; group B) in clinical material. J Clin Microbiol. 1975 Feb; 1(2): 171-4. 17. Rahbar M, Hajia M, Mohammadzadeh M. 13. Yajko DM, Lawrence J, Nassos P, Young J, Urinary tract infections caused by group b Hadley WK. Clinical trial comparing bacitracin with streptococcus in adult women: survey of 11800 urine strep-A-chek for accuracy and turnaround time in the culture results. Iran J Pathol. 2012 Jun; 7(1): 32–7. 18. Hicks P, Diaz-Perez MJ. Patient self-collection of pyogenes. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Sep; 24(3): 431-4. group B streptococcal specimens during pregnancy. J 14. Grace ME, Bushby SR, Sigel CW. Diffusion of Am Board Fam Med. 2009 Mar-Apr; 22(2): 136-40. sulfamethoxazole 19. El-Kersh TA, Al-Nuaim LA, Kharfy TA, Al- susceptibility disks into agar medium. Antimicrob Shammary FJ, Al-Saleh SS, Al-Zamel FA. Detection Agents Chemother. 1975 Jul; 8(1): 45-9. of genital colonization of group B streptococci during 15. Al-Sweih N, Jamal M, Kurdia M, late pregnancy. Saudi Med J. 2002 Jan; 23(1): 56-61. 20. Jannati E, Roshani M, Arzanlou M, Habibzadeh susceptibility profile of group B streptococcus S, Rahimi G, Shapuri R, Capsular serotype and (Streptococcus agalactiae) at the Maternity antibiotic resistance of group B streptococci isolated Hospital, Kuwait. Med Princ Pract. 2005 Jul- from pregnant women in Ardabil, Iran. Iran J Aug;14(4):260-3. Microbiol. 2012 Sep; 4(3): 130-5. 16. Hsueh PR, Teng LJ, Lee LN, Ho SW, Yang PC, Rep. Biochem. Mol. Biol, Vol. 3, No. 2, Apr 2015

Source: http://www.rbmb.net/attachments/article/188/Vol.3%20No.2%20Art.7.pdf