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Autologous fat grafts placed around temporomandibular joint total joint prostheses to prevent heterotopic bone formation Larry M. Wolford, DMD, Carlos A. Morales-Ryan, DDS, MSD, Patricia Garcia Morales, DDS, MS, and Daniel Serra Cassano, DDS the treatment of ankylosis This study evaluated 1) the efficacy of packing autologous fat grafts of the temporomandibular around temporomandibular joint (TMJ) total joint prosthetic reconstruc- joint (TMJ) was reported tions to prevent fibrosis and heterotopic bone formation and 2) the ef- by Blair (2) in 1913 and fects on postsurgical joint mobility and jaw function. One hundred fifteen by Murphy (3) in 1914. In patients (5 males and 110 females) underwent TMJ reconstruction with 1992, Thomas (4) reported total joint prostheses and simultaneous fat grafts (88 bilateral and 27 the use of autologous fat unilateral) for a total of 203 joints. The abdominal fat grafts were packed transplantation to prevent around the articulating portion of the joint prostheses after the fossa heterotopic bone forma- and mandibular components were stabilized. Patients were divided into tion after hip replacement two groups: group 1 (n = 76 joints) received Christensen total joint surgery in six patients. In prostheses, and group 2 (n = 127 joints) received TMJ Concepts total orthopedics, radiation of joint prostheses. Clinical and radiographic assessments were performed the operated area is gener- before surgery, immediately after surgery, and at long-term follow-up. In ally used to prevent het- group 1, maximal incisal opening (MIO) increased 3.5 mm, lateral excur- erotopic bone formation sions (LE) decreased 0.2 mm, and jaw function improved 1.9 levels. In group 2, MIO increased 6.8 mm, LE decreased 1.4 mm, and jaw function The problem of het- improved 2.4 levels. The improvement for MIO and patient perception of erotopic calcification is jaw function in both groups was statistical y significant; no significant dif- frequently seen after place- ference was found for LE. There was no radiographic or clinical evidence ment of alloplastic materi- Figure 1. A coronal tomogram of a of heterotopic calcifications or limitation of mobility secondary to fibrosis als in the TMJ, particularly prosthetical y reconstructed TMJ joint demonstrates heterotopic bone forma- in either group. Twenty-five Christensen prostheses (33%) were removed when al oplasts of Proplast/ tion (arrows) between the mandibular because of device failure and/or metal hypersensitivity; no fibrosis or het- Teflon (Vitek Inc., Hous- ramus and medial side of the fossa. No erotopic bone formation was seen at surgical removal. Four TMJ Concepts ton, TX) or Silastic (Dow- fat graft was placed around the prosthe- prostheses (3%) were removed because of metal hypersensitivity. In all Corning, Midland, MO) sis at surgery.
instances, removal of the prostheses was unrelated to the autologous have been previously im- fat grafting. Ten patients (8.7%) developed complications involving the planted (8) (Figure 1). Heterotopic bone can also result from fat donor site: two patients (1.8%) developed abdominal cysts requiring trauma, reactive arthritis, osteoarthritis, sepsis, inflammation, surgery, and eight patients (6.9%) developed seroma formation requiring and connective tissue/autoimmune diseases such as rheuma- aspiration. Autologous fat transplantation is a useful adjunct to prosthetic toid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and TMJ reconstruction to minimize the occurrence of excessive joint fibrosis scleroderma. These calcifications can cause continued worsening and heterotopic calcification, consequently providing improved range of pain and a progressive decrease in range of motion that may motion and jaw function.
lead to bony ankylosis. A variable amount of fibrosis and possibly The first report of autologous fat transplantation appeared From the Department of Oral and Maxilofacial Surgery, Texas A&M University in the literature in 1893 (1). Since then, autologous fat Health Science Center Baylor College of Dentistry and Baylor University Medical Center, Dal as, Texas (Wolford; Morales-Ryan and Cassano were former fel- grafting has been used extensively in humans for vari- lows); private practice, Laredo, Texas (Morales-Ryan, Garcia Morales); and the ous applications. Among these are aesthetic procedures Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, São Paulo State for contour augmentation, particularly in the maxillofacial re- University, Brazil (Cassano).
gion, and ablative procedures, as in the treatment of various Corresponding author: Larry M. Wolford, DMD, 3409 Worth Street, Suite 400, injuries of the frontal sinus. The use of autologous fat grafts in Dallas, Texas 75246 (e-mail: [email protected]).
Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2008;21(3):248–254

reactive tissue are commonly as- significant differ- sociated with the heterotopic ence was noted in bone, thereby worsening the ef- the patients' percep- fect. Pharmacologic treatment tion of their pain cannot predictably prevent the level at long-term development of these unwanted follow-up. There tissues in the TMJ. Durr and Tur- was no radiographic lington (9) have reported favor- or clinical evidence able outcomes in two thirds of of heterotopic cal- their patients with TMJ ankylosis cifications or limi- by using postsurgical radiation. tation of mobility However, significant concerns secondary to fibro- exist about the effects of this sis in any of the fat- Figure 3. The TMJ Concepts total joint prosthesis treatment on nearby structures grafted group, while is a patient-fitted device, constructed on a three- (e.g., brain, orbit, parotid gland). 7 control patients dimensional model and designed for each patient's Additional y, the TMJ region is specific anatomical requirements. The devices more vascular than the hip, and heterotopic bone have metal-on-polyethylene articulations.
the frequent presence of particu- and required reop- lated polymeric materials may eration. This initial study proved that autologous fat transplan- preclude a successful result with Figure 2. The Christensen pros- tation was a useful adjunct to prosthetic TMJ reconstruction. radiation. Other surgeons' expe- thesis is an off-the-shelf device The technique minimizes the occurrence of excessive joint fi- riences with radiation therapy with three selections for the man- brosis and heterotopic calcification and consequently provides in patients with recurrent TMJ dibular component and over 40 improved range of motion. No other published studies in the selections for the fossa compo- ankylosis have not been favor- literature involve the placement of fat grafts around total joint nent. The best-fitting components able (personal communication, are selected to fit the anatomy. Dr. Robert V. Walker, Dallas, These devices have metal-on- This study evaluates the treatment outcomes after TMJ re- TX, and Dr. Stephen S. Fennell, construction with total joint prostheses and fat grafts in a much Athens, GA).
larger group of patients.
In 1992 Wolford developed the philosophy and technique for placing fat grafts around TMJ total joint prostheses to pre- PATIENTS AND METHODS vent heterotopic bone formation, decrease fibrosis, improve Inclusion criteria for this study were as follows: 1) patients pain levels, and increase jaw function. Wolford and Karras (10) had unilateral or bilateral TMJ reconstruction using total joint published the first study evaluating fat grafts placed around TMJ prostheses with abdominal fat grafts packed around the pros- total joint prostheses. Fifteen patients (2 males and 13 females) theses' area of articulation; 2) all patients were operated on by underwent TMJ reconstruction with Techmedica (Techmedica, one surgeon (LMW) at Baylor University Medical Center in Inc., Camarillo, CA) custom-made total joint prostheses (cur- Dal as, Texas; 3) adequate records were available for analysis; and rently manufactured by TMJ Concepts Inc., Ventura, CA). 4) the minimum fol ow-up was 1 year. Records of 115 consecu- Surgery was bilateral in 7 patients and unilateral in 8, for a total tive patients (5 males and 110 females) meeting these criteria of 22 joints. All patients had autologous fat harvested from were evaluated; 88 patients had bilateral and 27 had unilateral the abdomen grafted around the articulating portion of the TMJ reconstruction, for a total of 203 joints. The patients were joint prostheses after the fossa and mandibular components had divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 42; 76 joints) received been stabilized. Twenty patients (2 males and 18 females) who Christensen total joint prostheses (TMJ Implants Inc., Golden, received Techmedica total joint prostheses without fat grafts CO) (Figure 2), and group 2 (n = 73; 127 joints) received TMJ served as a control. There were 17 bilateral and 3 unilateral Concepts total joint prostheses (TMJ Concepts Inc., Ventura, cases, for a total of 37 joints. CA) (Figure 3). In the fat graft group, average maximum incisal opening For all patients, total joint prostheses were placed and sta- (MIO) was 26.9 mm preoperatively and 38.7 mm at long- bilized, and then autologous fat harvested from the abdomen term fol ow-up, an improvement of 11.8 mm. Contralateral was packed around the articulating portion of the prostheses. excursive movements (LE) averaged 2.3 mm preoperatively and Clinical and radiographic assessments were performed before 2.2 mm at long-term follow-up. In the non–fat-grafted group, surgery (T1), immediately after surgery (T2), and at longest the average MIO was 26.8 mm preoperatively and 33.1 mm at follow-up (T3). Objective clinical evaluations of MIO and LE long-term fol ow-up, an improvement of 6.3 mm. Contralateral were determined from T1 and T3 data, whereas jaw function excursive movements averaged 3.2 mm preoperatively and 1.7 was subjectively evaluated according to a numerical analog mm at long-term follow-up. The differences in measured func- scale (0 = normal jaw function and 10 = no jaw function). tion between the two groups were statistically significant (P ≤ Student's t test was used to determine statistical significance at 0.01). Although both groups experienced a decrease in pain, no the P ≤ 0.01 level. Radiographic evaluation compared T2 and Autologous fat grafts placed around temporomandibular joint total joint prostheses to prevent heterotopic bone formation

the fat a variable dis- tance depending on the fat pad thickness and the amount of graft required (usual range per joint, 5–20 cc). The fat was then widely undermined Figure 4. Fat graft harvesting technique used in this study. (a) The fat graft is harvested from the abdomen, usual y through a 4- to 5-cm incision general y made in the suprapubic area. (b) The outer dashed line is the extent of undermining of the skin and beneath the fat pad. superficial to the rec- The inner solid line denotes the fat graft to be harvested. (c) The abdominal fat graft harvesting is complete. (d) 3-0 polyglactin sutures tus abdominis muscle are used to close the deep fat layers so no depression in the harvest area wil be evident. The skin is closed with subcuticular suturing.
fascia to a similar ex- tent as the overlying skin dissection. The desired amount of graft was harvested in a single block from the midline region (Figure 4c). To allow for shrinkage and errors in estimation, this amount was 20% to 30% more than the estimated amount needed to fill the dead space in the TMJ region. Meticulous hemostasis was achieved with electrocautery, and the defect in the fat pad was closed by advancing the lateral fat flaps toward the midline and suturing with 3-0 polyglactin. The skin incision was closed with subcutaneous sutures of 4-0 polydioxanone (Figure 4d), and adhesive skin closures were placed for reinforcement. To minimize the incidence of hematoma and seroma formation, a pressure dressing of fluffed gauze and elastic tape was applied and maintained for approximately 3 days before removal.
Figure 5. Surgical technique used in this study. (a) The fossa component prosthesis is placed through an endaural or preauricular incision. The mandibular component The graft was immediately placed through the endaural or is placed through a submandibular incision. (b) The abdominal fat graft (arrows) is preauricular incision to fill the dead space around the articulat- packed into the joint space to prevent heterotopic bone formation and fibrosis.
ing portion of the prosthetic components (Figure 5). In bilateral cases, the graft was divided into equal portions, and one portion T3 x-rays (panographic x-rays, linear tomograms, and lateral was stored in iced normal saline until placement in the second cephalograms) for the presence of postsurgical heterotopic bone side. The fat was packed into the TMJ region relatively firmly, formation around the prostheses. Donor site complications without causing excessive tissue damage to the graft. The wound were also evaluated. was closed in routine layered fashion.
Surgical technique The prostheses were placed through endaural or preauricular The average patient follow-up period was 31.2 months and submandibular incisions, as previously described (8), after (range, 12–65 months). The study results are summarized in thorough debridement of the region. Fol owing stabilization of the Table. Both groups had a statistically significant improve- al condylar and fossa components, fat was harvested from the ment in MIO and patient perception of jaw function at long- abdomen. The abdomen was prepared and draped in routine fash- est fol ow-up, but the improvement was greater for group 2. ion from above the umbilicus to the pubic region. The superior Neither group had a significant difference in LE. There was no portion of the pubic hair was shaved, if necessary, to place the incision as low as possible on the abdomen for Table. Objective and subjective clinical data for 115 patients before and ≥1 year after optimal cosmesis. If an existing scar temporomandibular joint total joint prosthetic reconstructions with autologous fat grafts was present in the lower abdomen, this site was used instead.
A 4- to 5-cm transverse incision was made in the midline through 1: Christensen total joint skin and subcutaneous tissue to ex- prostheses (n = 76 joints) pose the abdominal fat pad (Figure 2: TMJ Concepts total joint 4a, 4b). The skin was widely under- prostheses (n = 127 joints) mined superiorly and lateral y, tak- *Assessed through a numerical analog score: 0 = normal function; 10 = no function.
ing care to maintain a 3- to 5-mm †P ≤ 0.01 for T3 vs T1.
layer of fat on the skin side. The ini- MIO indicates maximum incisal opening; LE, maximum lateral excursion; T1, before surgery; T3, at long-term fol ow-up.
tial incision was then deepened into Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings Volume 21, Number 3

Figure 7. Case 1. (a, b, c) Presurgery, the patient had a class I occlusion on the left side and a class I occlusion on the right side. (d, e, f) The occlusion remained stable 2 years after surgery.
Figure 6. Case 1. (a, b) This 45-year-old man was referred after 14 previous failed right TMJ surgeries; the most recent involved right TMJ reconstruction with a total joint prosthesis (Osteomed system) without a fat graft. He had severe TMJ and myofascial pain, head-aches, and difficulty eating. (c, d) The patient 2 years after right Figure 8. Case 1. (a) The presurgical panographic x-ray showed massive heterotopic bone TMJ debridement, removal of heterotopic bone and the Osteomed formation (outlined by arrows) around the Osteomed prosthesis. (b) The heterotopic bone prosthesis, TMJ reconstruction with a TMJ Concepts patient-fitted was removed in sections. (c) A 10-year postsurgical radiograph shows the effectiveness of total joint prosthesis, and fat grafting.
the fat graft in preventing heterotopic bone development.
radiographic evidence of heterotopic bone formation in either these eight patients required drain placement postsurgery for group at longest follow-up.
evacuation of persistent seroma formation. Of the 76 Christensen prostheses, 25 (33%) were removed because of elevated pain levels due to device failure (fracture CASE PRESENTATIONS or loosening of the fossa component) or metal hypersensitivity caused by metallosis from the metal-on-metal articulation. No This 45-year-old man (Figure 6a, 6b) was referred to the fibrosis or heterotopic bone formation around the prostheses senior author after undergoing 14 previous failed right TMJ was observed at surgical removal. The removed Christensen surgeries, including procedures using devices that contained prostheses were replaced with TMJ Concepts total joint pros- Proplast/Teflon. He was 2 years post–TMJ reconstruction with theses and simultaneous fat grafting around the articulating an Osteomed total joint prosthesis (Osteomed Inc., Dallas, area of the prostheses. Of the 127 TMJ Concepts prostheses, 4 TX) without the placement of a fat graft around it at that (3%) were removed from two patients because of severe metal surgery. He had severe TMJ and myofascial pain, headaches, hypersensitivity: one patient was sensitive to molybdenum and and difficulty eating. He presented with a class I occlusion one to nickel. The latter patient developed dense fibrous tissue on the left side and a class II occlusion on the right side (Fig- around the prostheses, but no bone. The other patient main- ure 7a–c). There was massive heterotopic bone development tained the fat grafts around her prostheses. The prostheses in and bony ankylosis surrounding the right TMJ (Figure 8a), these patients were replaced with TMJ Concepts prostheses that a foreign body giant cell reaction secondary to the previous had ion-treated titanium condylar heads, eliminating the cobalt- Proplast/Teflon materials, and a severely limited incisal open- chromium-molybdenum alloy head that also contained 1% ing of 20 mm with no translation of the right condyle. nickel. Fat grafts were again placed around the prostheses. The TMJ reconstructive surgery was performed in one op- The fat donor sites were evaluated, and 10 patients (8.7%) eration and included 1) unilateral right TMJ debridement and developed complications: two extremely obese patients (1.2%) removal of heterotopic bone formation around the old prosthesis developed abdominal cysts superficial to the rectus abdominis (Figure 8b); 2) removal of the Osteomed prosthesis; 3) unilateral muscle that required surgical removal; eight patients (6.9%) right TMJ reconstruction with patient-fitted TMJ Concepts total developed seroma formation requiring aspiration, and two of joint prosthesis (Figure 5a); and 4) packing of autologous fat Autologous fat grafts placed around temporomandibular joint total joint prostheses to prevent heterotopic bone formationitle here attempts at surgical correction by rib grafting had failed. He had only 3 mm of incisal opening and was developing significant dental problems because of his inability to receive dental care; he also had severe facial asymmetry as wel as sleep apnea symptoms. A 3-D computed tomography scan demonstrates the magni- tude of the ankylosis (Figure 10a). A TMJ Concepts total joint prosthesis was manufactured to reconstruct the TMJ as well as advance and vertically lengthen the right mandibular ramus (Figure 11a). He underwent the following procedures in one stage: 1) right TMJ Figure 9. Case 2. (a) This 12-year-old boy had right TMJ ankylosis, and two attempts at removal of a large mass of heterotopic bone (Figure correction by rib grafting (without fat grafts) had failed. With only 3 mm of incisal opening, 10b); 2) reconstruction of the TMJ and mandibular he was developing significant dental problems, marked facial asymmetry, and sleep apnea. (b, c) The patient 2 years after right-side TMJ reconstruction and mandibular advancement advancement with TMJ Concepts total joint prosthesis with a TMJ Concepts total joint prosthesis and fat graft. He had improved facial balance and (Figure 11a); and 3) fat graft packed around the pros- good jaw function (35-mm opening) without pain.
thesis and area of previous heterotopic bone formation to prevent bone from redeveloping. The patient was evaluated 2 years postsurgery and showed improved facial balance and good jaw function (35-mm opening) without pain (Figure 9b, 9c). At the 2-year evaluation, there was no radiographic evidence of heterotopic bone formation (Figure 11b). The formation of extensive fibrosis and hetero- topic bone has been problematic after total joint re- Figure 10. Case 2. (a) A 3-D computed tomography scan demonstrates the magnitude of the construction of the TMJ, as well as from other types heterotopic bone and joint ankylosis. (b) The heterotopic bone was removed in sections.
of TMJ arthrotomies (Figures 1, 8a, 10a). This is particularly true of multiply operated joints and joints with previously failed alloplastic implants. These complica- tions have been reported to occur after both prosthetic and autologous joint reconstructions (11). Fibrosis is related to scar tissue deposition, especially in multiply operated joints, with a persistent inflammatory response possibly contributing in joints with previously failed alloplasts. Heterotopic bone may be deposited in a similar reaction after al oplastic implant failure. Additional y, the presence of dead space after extensive joint debridement leads to hematoma formation in this area, with subsequent organization. Pluripotent cells may then be induced to differentiate into fibroblasts and osteoblasts, with Figure 11. Case 2. (a) A TMJ Concepts total joint prosthesis was custom made deposition of collagen and bone, respectively. In excessively to reconstruct the TMJ and advance and vertically lengthen the right mandibular ramus. A fat graft was packed around the prosthesis to prevent heterotopic bone fibrotic joints, there is a decrease in vascularity and thereby from redeveloping. (b) The tomogram shows no heterotopic bone formation a decrease in oxygen tension in the surrounding tissues that around the prosthesis 2 years after surgery.
can lead to the transformation of fibrous tissue into cartilage graft around the right TMJ prosthesis (Figure 5b). At 2 years In the orthopedic experience, various pharmacologic agents, postsurgery, the patient showed good stability (Figure 6c, 6d) with most notably indomethacin and etidronate, have been used elimination of TMJ pain, headaches, and myofascial pain and im- with varying success (13, 14). Pharmacologic therapy has been proved jaw function. The occlusion remained stable (Figure 7d–f). suggested for use after prosthetic TMJ reconstruction, but no At 10 years postsurgery, his incisal opening was 42 mm with 2 substantial data exist regarding its effectiveness (8). In the senior to 3 mm of translation of the right condyle and no radiographic author's (LMW's) experience with these medications, the results evidence of heterotopic bone formation (Figure 8c). have been very disappointing.
Radiation treatment of the operated area within 4 days of prosthetic hip reconstruction is now common practice to This 12-year-old boy developed right TMJ ankylosis at the control heterotopic bone formation in orthopedic procedures. age of 1 year secondary to sepsis (Figure 9a). Two previous However, local radiation of the TMJ raises concerns regarding Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings Volume 21, Number 3 potential adverse effects on adjacent vital structures (i.e., eye and peritoneal perfo- associated structures, brain, middle ear, and parotid gland), and rations, or post- it may be ineffective due to the substantially greater vascularity surgical ileus. In of the maxil ofacial region. However, Durr et al (9) reported on our first several 10 patients (15 TMJs) with bony ankylosis surgically managed with either costochondral grafts, gap arthroplasty, or debride- serted a suction ment of heterotopic bone and treated early postoperatively with drain and left it radiation, 10 Gy in five fractions. With a mean follow-up of 19 months, 10 of 15 TMJs did not show heterotopic bone development. The only complication identified was parotitis in three patients (30%).
The rationale for placing autologous fat grafts is to obliter- Figure 12. Histological examination of a fat graft ate the dead space present around the joint prosthesis, thus However, with biopsy taken 4 years after implantation around a preventing the formation and subsequent organization of a careful attention TMJ Concepts total joint prosthesis shows viable hematoma. Creating this physical barrier serves to minimize fat stil present without evidence of inflammation, the presence of pluripotent cells and prevents the formation heterotopic bone formation, or significant fibrosis.
of extensive fibrosis and heterotopic calcification. It may also at surgery is rarely isolate any residual reactive tissue from previous alloplastic needed. Placing a fluffed gauze dressing and securing with elas- failure to the periphery of the region, minimizing its formation tic tape or, alternatively, placing a Velcro-secured abdominal around the joint components. The net result, as evidenced by binder minimizes the incidence of this complication. the data collected, is a decrease in and perhaps elimination of Autologous fat grafting appears to be a useful adjunct to the incidence of heterotopic bone formation and an improve- prosthetic reconstruction of the TMJ and may prove to be ment in jaw function. similarly beneficial in autologous reconstruction. Graft pro- The ultimate fate of the transplanted fat is unknown. Stud- curement is quick and easy, with minimal morbidity.
ies of fat transplantation to other anatomic areas show a vari- able amount of resorption, with a decrease in volume ranging from 20% to 75% (15, 16). As an adjunct to prosthetic joint The results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of TMJ reconstruction, the ultimate resorption of a portion of the reconstruction with total joint prostheses and simultaneous graft may not be detrimental to the result. If the formation autologous fat grafts to the articulating area of the joint. A sta- of the initial hematoma, fibrosis, and reactive tissue can be tistical y significant improvement in MIO and patient percep- prevented, the incidence of complications may be reduced. tion of jaw function occurred in both groups. The removal of We have had an occasional opportunity to clinically and his- 25 Christensen prostheses and 4 TMJ Concepts prostheses was tologically evaluate fat-grafted TMJ Concepts joints postsur- due to complications associated with prosthesis failure or metal gery (Figure 12). Clinically, the fat grafts appeared viable, hypersensitivity, but was not fat graft related. No evidence of with some samples with strands of collagen present but no fibrosis or heterotopic bone formation was radiographically evidence of an inflammatory process. The consistency of the or clinical y observed. The most common complication found tissue around the prosthesis was significantly softer than that in the donor area was seroma, which was usually easily treated seen in the non–fat-grafted patients. Histologically, viable fat with aspiration and a pressure dressing.
was observed (Figure 12).
The technique of graft procurement is straightforward, with minimal potential for complications. In our surgeries, 1. Neuber H. Fettransplantation. Chir Kong Verhandl 1893;1:66.
the senior author harvests the fat grafts just prior to graft 2. Blair VP. Operative treatment of ankylosis of the mandible. Trans South placement, requiring only about 15 minutes of additional Surg Assoc 1913;28:435.
3. Murphy JB. Arthroplasty for intra-articular bony and fibrous ankylosis of surgical time. However, some surgeons may prefer to have the temporomandibular articulation. JAMA 1914;62:1783.
two surgical teams working concurrently so the operation is 4. Thomas BJ. Heterotopic bone formation after total hip arthroplasty. Orthop not prolonged. Harvesting the fat grafts prior to beginning Clin North Am 1992;23(2):347–358.
the TMJ reconstruction is not recommended, as this would 5. Fingeroth RJ, Ahmed AQ. Single dose 6 Gy prophylaxis for heterotopic os- require the grafts to be "on the table" for an extended time, sification after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995;317:131– likely resulting in significant loss of graft viability. In bilateral 6. DeFlitch CJ, Stryker JA. Postoperative hip irradiation in preven- cases, it usually takes at least 4 hours to prepare the TMJs tion of heterotopic ossification: causes of treatment failure. Radiology and place the prostheses before the fat grafts can be placed. Therefore, procuring the fat graft just before placement will 7. Maloney WJ, Jasty M, Willett C, Mulroy RD Jr, Harris WH. Prophylaxis maximize graft viability. for heterotopic bone formation after total hip arthroplasty using low-dose Possible complications of abdominal fat graft harvesting radiation in high-risk patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1992;280:230–234.
8. Wolford LM, Cottrell DA, Henry CH. Temporomandibular joint recon- include hematoma, seroma, infection, ileus, and inadvertent struction of the complex patient with the Techmedica custom-made total peritoneal perforation. To date, we have had no infections, joint prosthesis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994;52(1):2–10.
Autologous fat grafts placed around temporomandibular joint total joint prostheses to prevent heterotopic bone formation 9. Durr ED, Turlington EG, Foote RL. Radiation treatment of heterotopic 13. Francis MD, Russell RG, Fleisch H. Diphosphonates inhibit formation bone formation in the temporomandibular joint articulation. Int J Radiat of calcium phosphate crystals in vitro and pathological calcification in Oncol Biol Phys 1993;27(4):863–869.
10. Wolford LM, Karras SC. Autologous fat transplantation around temporo- 14. Ritter MA, Gioe TJ. The effect of indomethacin on para-articular ec- mandibular joint total joint prostheses: preliminary treatment outcomes. topic ossification following total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997;55(3):245–251.
11. MacIntosh RB. Costochondral and dermal grafts in temporomandibular 15. Carpaneda CA, Ribeiro MT. Study of the histologic alterations and vi- joint reconstruction. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 1989;1:363– ability of the adipose graft in humans. Aesthetic Plast Surg 1993;17(1):43– 12. Hall BK. Cartilage: Biomedical Aspects, vol. 3. New York: Academic Press, 16. Hörl HW, Fel er AM, Biemer E. Technique for liposuction fat reimplanta- tion and long-term volume evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Plast Surg 1991;26(3):248–258.
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